Keratin-based hair straightening formulations, methods and systems

ABSTRACT

The present invention teaches a hair straightening system including formulations that will safely and effectively straighten curly hair for at least 2-3 months after a single application, despite frequent washings of the hair. Methods for obtaining said formulations are disclosed. Hair straightening systems including shampoo and one or more conditioners are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/464,683, filed on Mar. 9, 2011, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to keratin-based hair straighteningformulations, methods and systems.

BACKGROUND

All publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference to thesame extent as if each publication or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.The following description includes information that may be useful inunderstanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any ofthe information provided herein is prior art or relevant to thepresently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically orimplicitly referenced is prior art.

Hair is a filamentous biomaterial that grows from follicles found in thedermis. Human hair has many textures, from fine to coarse, and fromstraight to curly. The outermost layer of the hair filament is calledthe cuticle and consists of translucent scales that cover the shaft. Thecuticle protects the shaft from environmental damage. It is alsosensitive to pH changes: at high pH the scales open, leaving the cortexexposed to environmental conditions. This is commonly exploited in hairprocessing, from straightening to coloring. Hair is composed primarily(around 88%) of keratin, a protein made up of chains of polypeptidehelix coils. The polypeptides have a high cystine content that leads toextensive crosslinking via the disulfide linkage. The bonds areperpendicular to the helix coils, with one bond for every four turns ofthe helix. It is the crosslinking that gives hair its toughness andabrasion resistance, as well as defining its shape.

Curly hair is made of hair strands with irregular surfaces that mesh andtangle to make combing and management more challenging than withstraight hair. It therefore has become popular among many individuals torelax or straighten hair in order to increase manageability and ease ofstyling.

The oldest form of hair straightening involves the use of stronglyalkaline agents, at pH 12-14, to permanently convert the crosslinkingdisulfide bonds in cystine to lanthionine. During this harsh chemicaltreatment, the hair is mechanically maintained in a straightconformation. In a milder, alternative hair relaxation process, thecystine disulfide bonds are chemically reduced to produce temporarycysteine residues. Common reducing agents used in these processesinclude thioglycolic acid, ammonium thioglycolate, and bisulfite. Theseare typically used at high pH (e.g., 9.5). A neutralizer/fixative isapplied in the second stage of the treatment, along with mechanicalstraightening and flat-ironing at 200° C. (400° F.), to restore the pHbalance to the hair and to re-form the disulfide crosslinks in their newpositions. This process produces permanent straightening, is damaging tothe hair, and takes a relatively long time (4-6 hours) to perform.

The demand for temporary (1-6 months) hair straightening systems thatremove the frizz from curly or wavy hair leading to a straighter formwithout the use of harsh chemicals has grown in recent years. Thepopular temporary hair straightening process known as escova progressivawas pioneered in Brazil. Known in the United States as “Brazilian hairstraightening” or “keratin straightening,” this process can provideresults lasting up to 5 months and uses high temperatures (typically230° C., 450° F.), keratin lysate, and elevated levels (1-5%) offormaldehyde as its primary components. The highly toxic nature offormaldehyde, a proven human carcinogen, and the high temperatures usedin the process raise legitimate concerns regarding its safety forstylists and clients. Other, similar treatments have emerged thatreplace the toxic formaldehyde with chemicals such as glyoxal. Forexample, Resnick et al. disclose a formulation and method relying onkeratin lysate, a crosslinking agent such as a polyfunctional aldehyde,and styling with a flat iron to achieve curl minimization (1). Thistreatment, however, has the disadvantage of requiring high levels ofheat (typically >200° C.) to be effective, and these high temperaturesoften cause an undesirable change in color of the processed hair (e.g.,orange coloring). Syed et al. also discloses a curl minimizingcomposition based on keratin lysate, a crosslinking agent, and heat toachieve temporary hair straightening (2). However, that treatment, asdescribed, is unlikely to achieve sustained hair straightening lastingin excess of several months with repeated hair washing. Considering thepractical limitations and safety concerns relating to existing hairstraightening treatments and methods, there is clearly a need in the artfor a more effective and non-toxic means of hair straightening.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, the invention teaches a method for straightening aquantity of hair, including: providing one or more pH-lowering agents;providing one or more reducing agents; and applying the one or morepH-lowering agents and the one or more reducing agents to the quantityof hair. In some embodiments, the method further includes applying oneor more crosslinking agents and/or one or more keratin protein fractionsto the quantity of hair. In some embodiments, the method furtherincludes applying to the quantity of hair one or more substancesselected from the group consisting of amino acids, botanicals,surfactants, emollients, emulsifiers, skin-cleaning agents,preservatives, fragrances, pre-conditioners, thermal protectants, andaqueous-based diluents. In some embodiments, one or more of the pHlowering agents and reducing agents are applied to the quantity of hairseparately. In some embodiments, one or more of the pH lowering agents,reducing agents, crosslinking agents and/or keratin protein fractionsare applied to the quantity of hair separately. In some embodiments, thequantity of hair is substantially dry when the one or more pH loweringagents and/or the one or more reducing agents are applied to thequantity of hair. In some embodiments, the quantity of hair issubstantially dry when the one or more pH lowering agents, reducingagents, crosslinking agents and/or keratin protein fractions are appliedto the quantity of hair. In some embodiments, the quantity of hair iswet when the one or more pH lowering agents and/or the one or morereducing agents are applied to the quantity of hair. In someembodiments, the quantity of hair is wet when the one or more pHlowering agents, reducing agents, crosslinking agents and/or keratinprotein fractions are applied to the quantity of hair. In someembodiments, the method further includes washing the quantity of hairwith a shampoo no more than three hours prior to applying the one ormore pH lowering agents and reducing agents. In some embodiments, themethod further includes applying a straightening iron to the quantity ofhair.

In certain embodiments, the invention teaches a hair straighteningcomposition, including a quantity of one or more pH lowering agents andquantities of two or more substances selected from the group consistingof reducing agents, crosslinking agents, and keratin protein fractions.

In some embodiments, the composition further includes one or moresubstances selected from the group consisting of amino acids,botanicals, surfactants, emollients, emulsifiers, skin-cleaning agents,preservatives, fragrances, pre-conditioners, thermal protectants, andaqueous-based diluents. In some embodiments, one or more of thepH-lowering agents includes an organic acid. In some embodiments, theorganic acid is a naturally-occurring organic acid. In certainembodiments, the pH lowering agent is an aliphatic or aromaticmono-carboxylic acid or a poly-carboxylic acid. In certain embodiments,the pH lowering agent is selected from the group consisting of formicacid, acetic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid, succinicacid, ascorbic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, picolinicacid, dipicolinic acid, citric acid, and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, one or more of the reducing agents are capable of breakingat least a portion of the S—S bonds in human hair when applied to saidhuman hair. In some embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents isorganic. In some embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents isselected from the group consisting of naturally-occurring amino acids,non-naturally-occurring amino acids, members of the thiazoline family,members of the 2-mercapto-ethane family, dithiothreitol (DTT),tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine-HCl(TCEP-HCl), sulfamic acid, sulfamates, FeCl₂, and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents lowers the pH ofthe hair straightening composition. In some embodiments, one or more ofthe reducing agents is selected from the group consisting ofcysteine-HCl, ascorbic acid, 2-mercaptoethylamine-HCl, sulfamic acid,and FeCl₂. In some embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents is anantioxidant. In some embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents isascorbic acid. In some embodiments, one or more of the crosslinkingagents is a non-formaldehyde aldehyde. In some embodiments, one or moreof the crosslinking agents includes one or more substances selected fromthe group consisting of monofunctional aldehydes, polyfunctionalaldehydes, ketones, hydroxyketones, ketoaldehydes, activatedolefin-containing compounds, polycarboxylic acids, mono-epoxy compounds,poly-epoxy compounds, carbonates, imidoesters, carbodiimides,hexamethylene diisocyanate, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, haloacetyls,pyridyl disulfide, hydrazides, aryl azides, and combinations thereof. Insome embodiments, the composition further includes a Lewis acidcatalyst.

In some embodiments, the invention teaches a kit for straightening aquantity of hair, including: a hair straightening composition describedherein; and instructions for the use thereof for straightening thequantity of hair. In some embodiments, the kit further includes ashampoo, a conditioner, a flat iron, a hair dryer, one or moredisposable gloves, a brush, and/or a comb.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety as though fully set forth. Unless defined otherwise, technicaland scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventionbelongs. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms andStructure. 5^(th) ed., J. Wiley & Sons (New York, N.Y. 2001);International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. 9th ed.;Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association: Washington D.C., 2002;Vol. 1-3; 2001 McCutcheon's Directories. McCutcheon's Division. TheManufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.: Glen Rock, N.J., 2001; Vol.1-2; and DiBerardino, L., CBR Cosmetic Bench Reference—Directory ofCosmetic Ingredients 2005. Cosmetics and Toiletries, Allured PublishingCorporation: Carol Stream, Ill., 2005, together provide one skilled inthe art with a general guide to many of the terms used in the presentapplication.

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similaror equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in thepractice of the present invention. Indeed, the present invention is inno way limited to the methods and materials described. For the purposesof the present invention, the following terms are defined below.

As used herein, the terms “solution,” “preparation,” “composition” and“formulation” can be used interchangeably. The terms “modulates hairfrizz,” “defrizzes hair” and “curl minimizing” are used interchangeably.As defined herein. “modulates” hair frizz means that it either reducesor prevents hair frizz. The term “curl minimizing agent,” as usedherein, refers to compounds disclosed herein capable of forming acovalent bond or crosslink with a protein end group in human hairkeratin, when applied thereto by an aqueous vehicle. The term“heat-assisted,” as used herein, refers to the use of a frizz minimizingcomposition of the present invention in conjunction with a heatingdevice, such as an electrically heated flat hair iron or hair dryer, atsome point in the process.

Hand-held hair dryers are conventionally used to “blow dry” hair,preferably using an ambient heat setting temperature in the range ofabout 100° C. to about 108° C., more preferably in the range of about105° C. to about 106° C. Commercial electric flat hair irons areavailable having variable heat settings, and preferably are ceramic,heated to platen temperatures in the range of about 100° C. to about240° C., more preferably in the range of about 150° C. to about 235° C.

The term “temporary straightening” means that the frizz modulatingeffect resists reversion to the natural curl configuration on beingsubjected to more than one washing, preferably at least four washings,and more preferably at least eight washings, or the effect lasts untilthe scalp hair grows sufficiently to visibly warrant another frizzreducing procedure. The terms “washed” and “washing” include rinsingwith water, shampooing or a combination of rinsing with water andshampooing. The terms “precondition,” “preconditioning,” and grammaticalvariations thereof, as used herein, refer to compositions containingconditioners that are applied to the hair in a first step of amulti-step curl minimizing process, and to hair that has been soconditioned. As defined herein. “leave-in” conditioner is a conditionerthat is applied to hair and is not removed by rinsing. The terms“keratin-protectant” and “hair protectant” are used interchangeably asapplied to a curl minimizing composition of the present invention andrefer to allowing for the retention of at least one discernibledesirable characteristic, such as strength, sheen, smooth tactilecharacter, and retention of original, natural hair color or tone, andthe like, that is conventionally associated with the physical,mechanical integrity of natural hair keratin before receiving a curlminimizing procedure with the composition, and, in particular, beforereceiving a heat-assisted, curl minimizing procedure of this invention.The term “isoelectric point” is defined as the pH at which a particularmolecule, polymer, or surface carries no net electrical charge. The term“reducing agent” is used herein to refer to any chemical agent that,under the conditions described herein, can chemically reduce the S—Sbond in cystine residues inherent in the proteins contained in humanhair. The term “crosslinker” is defined as one or more chemical agentsthat can forms crosslinks with at least one protein end group in hardkeratin, such as human hair keratin or wool. For example, formaldehydecan form crosslinks between NH, OH, and SH groups in such proteins. Theterm “polyfunctional aldehyde” means more than one aldehyde is presentin the compound, such as a dialdehyde, a trialdehyde, and the like.

In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients,properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth,used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the application are tobe understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.”Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth inthe written description and attached claims are approximations that canvary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by aparticular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parametersshould be construed in light of the number of reported significantdigits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstandingthat the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scopeof some embodiments of the application are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspracticable.

Keratin-protectant, curl minimizing compositions and processes of thepresent invention avoid the deleterious action that can be caused byconventional highly alkaline lanthionization chemical hair relaxerprocesses, manifested as measurable changes in the physical, chemical,and mechanical integrity of the keratin fibers. Measurable changes inthe integrity of the hair include changes in tensile strengthproperties, elasticity, porosity, cuticle erosion, fiber breakage, wetand dry combing force and the like, as well as changes in discerniblesubjective properties, i.e., tactile feel, and visible sheen orappearance.

Hard keratin fibers, such as human hair and wool, have a complexmorphological structure and are predominantly proteinaceous. Theproteins in human hair, for example, are polymers made up of a number ofamino acids, and the linkages of the amino acids and peptide bonds areresponsible for the strength of the protein backbone. Hair fibers arequite strong, and strength is conferred on the fiber by the inner cortexand protective outer cuticle sheath. The main bulk of the fiber, thecortex, consists essentially of long coiled peptide chains joined in oneplane by salt and sulfur linkages, and in the other plane by hydrogenbonds. The chemical structure of hair keratin makes it susceptible toattack by chemical reagents. Hair keratin is more susceptible toalkaline hydrolysis than to acid hydrolysis (3).

Naturally occurring covalent crosslinks in hair keratin contribute tothe physical stability and mechanical strength of the fibers. Somenaturally occurring covalent crosslinks in the hair include: disulfide(cystine) bonds formed between two cysteine residues in either the sameprotein chain or adjacent protein chains; isopeptide bonds formed asamide crosslinks in the follicle; and peptide bonds existing between theamino groups of lysine and the carboxyl groups of aspartic acid orglutamic acid in portions of the same polypeptide chain or betweendifferent polypeptide chains. The tensile properties of wet keratinfibers are related to the presence of disulfide bonds and the tensileproperties of dry keratin are influenced by the peptide bonds. Thepresence of crosslinks in human hair introduced by chemical reagents hasbeen measured in the art directly by analytical techniques, andindirectly, based on changes in the mechanical strength and/or physicalstability of the fiber measured instrumentally or quantitatively fromsuch fiber properties as swelling, sorption, super contraction, setting,tensile strength, weight gain, alkali solubility and the like.

The reaction between hair and chemical reagents is generally complex andmore than one type of linkage is affected. Naturally-occurring sites andlinkages that are susceptible to reaction with simple chemical reagents,for example, include hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces betweenadjacent peptide chains and side chains of the alpha-keratin-fibers, andsalt linkages that can be reversibly fissioned by acids or short timeexposure to base. Temporary hair styles that rely on bonding throughsalt linkages and hydrogen bonds typically are broken by exposure towater and humidity resulting in loss of temporary hair set, typicallyseen as reversion of a hair style set to its natural configuration,i.e., revert to a curly state (rekink or frizz) or uncurl to a naturallystraight state.

Bearing in mind all of the above-described properties of hair, and itsresponses to various chemical treatments, the inventors developed newand improved formulations, systems and methods for straightening hair.

The present invention teaches a novel approach to keratin-based hairstraightening based upon the integration of three key synergisticcomponents, including: (1) adjusting the pH of hair to a value close toits isoelectric point; (2) chemically reducing the disulfide bonds inthe keratin proteins making up hair fibers; and (3) chemicallycrosslinking reactive groups in the keratin proteins making up hairfibers as well as between reactive groups in the keratin proteins makingup the hair fibers and proteins in the keratin lysate included in theformulations disclosed herein.

The novel approach set forth herein results in the following significantadvantages, among others: (1) efficient curl-minimization with reducedfrizz for periods lusting up to five months or longer; (2) avoidance ofhighly toxic formaldehyde, or formaldehyde precursors, in thecrosslinking step; and (3) lowering of the processing temperature tobelow the 232° C. (450° F.) typically used in other keratincurl-minimizing treatments, resulting in less damage to the hair.

Formulations, methods, and systems based on the approach described aboveare disclosed in detail below.

Isoelectric Point Adjusting Agents

Hair comprises proteins and proteins are characterized, among otherthings, by an isoionic point and an isoelectric point (4). The isoionicpoint is the pH value at which the number of total positive charges on aprotein is equal to the number of total negative charges. The isoionicpoint of hair is about equal to pH 6.0. The isoelectric point is asurface property of solid proteins and is that pH value at which thenumber of positive charges on the surface of the protein equals thenumber of negative charges. The isoelectric point of human hair normallyis about pH 3.7. The exact value for individual hair can vary slightlyfrom this value, and investigators differ on the range of isoelectricpoint pH values; pH 3.3 to 4.5 and more recently pH 2.45 to 3.17 (5, 6).In any case, at the isoelectric point, protein carries a neutral charge.An advantage is gained from inducing hair protein keratin to gather aneutral ionic charge, that is, to treat hair at its isoelectric point.At its isoelectric point, a protein displays its greatest insolubilityand greatest ionic stability against chemical reactions. Hair treated atits isoelectric point pH, so that its protein can acquire an unchargedneutral state, is likely rendered stronger than hair treated at otherpHs. Accordingly, the curl minimizing preparation of the presentinvention preferably contains at least one buffer substance or a buffersystem, which has buffer capacity in a range of about pH 2.0 to 7.0, andespecially includes the isoelectric point of human hair, as describedherein.

In various embodiments of the present invention, one or more substancesare used to lower the pH to approximately the above-referenced range. Insome embodiments, one or more of the substances used to lower the pH ofthe formulation to the above-referenced range are selected from thegroup consisting of: formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, otheraliphatic or aromatic mono- or poly-carboxylic acids, and combinationsthereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, one or moreorganic acids are used to lower the pH of the formulations disclosedherein to about 3.0-4.5. In certain embodiments, one or more of theorganic acids are selected from the group consisting of: tartaric acid,adipic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid,pyruvic acid, picolinic acid, dipicolinic acid, citric acid, andcombinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a plurality of acids isused as a mixture.

Reducing Agents

Reducing agents used in various embodiments of the present inventionmust be compatible with the above-described pH range, which excludesthose in the thioglycolate family typically used in the art for thispurpose.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents includenatural and/or non-natural amino acids that are sufficientlyelectrochemically reducing under the conditions of the curl minimizingtreatment described herein to break the S—S bonds in human hair. Incertain embodiments, the amino acids are selected from the groupconsisting of: cysteine, cysteine-HCl, methionine, methionine-HCl, andcombinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the reducing agents aremembers of the thiazoline family. In some embodiments, the members ofthe thiazoline family used herein are selected from the group consistingof: thiazoline, thiazolidine carboxylic acid, and combinations thereof.In various embodiments of the present invention, the reducing agent is amember of the 2-mercapto-ethane family. In some embodiments, members ofthe 2-mercapto-ethane family are selected from the group consisting of:2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoethylamine, and 2-mercaptoethylamine-HCl.In yet other embodiments of the invention, the reducing agent consistsof dithiothreitol (DTT). In certain embodiments of the presentinvention, the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of:tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) andtris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine-HCl (TCEP-HCl). In certain embodiments,one or more of the reducing agents consists of sulfamic acid. In certainembodiments, one or more of the one or more reducing agents is asulfamate. In certain embodiments, the sulfamate is selected from thegroup consisting of: O-substituted-, N-substituted-, anddi-/tri-substituted derivatives of sulfamic acid.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more of thereducing agents is organic and has antioxidant properties. In certainembodiments, the reducing agent with antioxidant properties is ascorbicacid.

In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more of thereducing agents used consists of an inorganic salt. In certainembodiments, the inorganic salt is iron (IT) chloride (FeCl₂).

In some embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents used herein alsolower the pH of the formulation. In some embodiments, these reducingagents are selected from the group consisting of: cysteine-HCl, ascorbicacid, 2-mercaptoethylamine-HCl, sulfamic acid, FeCl₂, and combinationsthereof.

As disclosed above, in various embodiments a plurality of reducingagents are used as a mixture.

Crosslinking Agents

The keratin-protectant, curl minimizing compositions of the presentinvention employ one or more curl minimizing agents that can formcrosslinks with protein end groups in naturally curly keratin to achievehair styles having a decreased bulk in hair volume by loosening orstraightening fiber alignment. The Keratin-protectant, curl minimizingcompositions of the present invention contain an effective quantity ofat least one physiologically tolerable curl minimizing agent that iscapable of forming crosslinks with at least one protein end group inhard keratin. In some embodiments, the hard keratin is selected from thegroup consisting of: human hair keratin, animal hair keratin, and wool.Certain embodiments described herein are for use on human hair keratin.

The highly toxic aldehyde, formaldehyde, or chemicals that releaseformaldehyde upon heating such as paraformaldehyde are expresslyexcluded from certain embodiments of the present invention. In otherembodiments, the formulations disclosed herein are substantially free offormaldehyde.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more of the oneor more crosslinking agents include one or more monofunctionalnon-formaldehyde aldehydes. In various embodiments, the crosslinkingagents are selected from the group consisting of: benzaldehyde, butanal,propanal, cinnamaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde. Other embodiments includechemicals selected from vanillin, glyceraldehyde and the like, presentin physiologically tolerable amounts. In some embodiments, thesecrosslinking agents are about 0.1-3.0% on a total composition weightbasis. In some preferred embodiments, these crosslinking agents are inthe range of about 0.15-2.0% on a total composition weight basis. Inother preferred embodiments, these crosslinking agents are in the rangeof about 0.2-0.5%, on a total composition weight basis.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the one or more aldehydes aredialdehydes. In some embodiments, the dialdehydes are selected from thegroup consisting of: glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, glycolaldehyde dimer, andadipaldehyde. In some embodiments, these crosslinking agents are about0.1-3.0% on a total composition weight basis. In some preferredembodiments, these crosslinking agents are in the range of about0.15-2.0% on a total composition weight basis. In other preferredembodiments, these crosslinking agents are in the range of about0.2-0.5%, on a total composition weight basis.

While not wishing to be bound by any one particular theory, it is verylikely that one or both functional groups of dialdehydes can react withprotein end groups to advantageously produce a more complex, morecrosslinked protein-aldehyde product with a higher molecular weight thatis more stable (i.e., less readily hydrolyzed) than complexes formed bythe monofunctional aldehyde formaldehyde.

In certain embodiments, glutaraldehyde is used in combination withhydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). While not wishing to be bound by anyone particular theory, PVA reportedly reacts with glutaraldehyde byacetalization to form a bulky pentane dilated PVA having highly reactivealdehyde, hemiacetal, and acetal groups available for reaction with theamino acids of hair containing OH groups, such as serine, tyrosine andthreonine, to form a crosslinking network. The reported percentage ofserine in hair is relatively high (11.5%) and hence serine can be easilytargeted for crosslinking. In these embodiments, any free PVA present inthe hair which has not reacted with the dialdehyde can remain in thematrix of the fiber and further help in straightening due to its highmolecular weight. Furthermore, free glutaraldehyde left after theacetalization reaction is also available to crosslink the hair.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the one or more crosslinkers is aketone. In certain embodiments, the crosslinkers include hydroxyketonesand/or ketoaldehydes. In certain embodiments, one or more of the one ormore crosslinkers are selected from the group consisting of:hydroxyacetone, pyruvaldehyde, pyruvic acid, combinations thereof andthe like.

In some embodiments, the present invention teaches combinations of oneor more of the crosslinkers with a Lewis acid catalyst. In someembodiments, the Lewis acid catalyst is selected from the groupconsisting of: zinc nitrate (Zn(NO₃)₂), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), ironchloride (FeCl₂ or FeCl₃), and the like. Polyfunctional aldehydes canreact with hydroxyl groups to form a hemiacetal, which can be catalyzedby a Lewis acid to form a stabilized acetal.

Because the crosslinking effect is mediated by the Maillard Reaction andcross-linking of the keratin fibers, in some embodiments, other Maillardreactants and cross-linking agents are substituted for the abovealdehydes. In some embodiments, the chemical cross-linking effectinvolves sugars, including dihydroxyacetone, acetones and ethers thatundergo the Maillard reaction.

In some embodiments, the invention discloses an activatedolefin-containing substance having at least one double bond bearing atleast one electron withdrawing substituent, such as, without limitation,a carboxylic acid, an ester, an amide, an imide, a nitrile, or ananhydride. In some embodiments, the physiologically tolerable, activatedolefin-containing substance is substantially non-irritating to humanskin: substantially chemically stable in the composition medium; anddoes not itself impart, or contribute to, any visibly undesirablecoloration on the hair or skin. In some embodiments disclosed herein,activated olefin-containing substances include one or more chemicalsselected from the group consisting of: maleic acid, esters of maleicacid, maleimides, N-substituted derivatives of maleimides, maleamicacid, N-substituted derivatives of maleamic acid, maleic anhydride, andcombinations thereof. Preferred N-substituents are N—(C₁-C₂₀)-alkyl,N-aryl, and N-haloaryl. In certain embodiments, maleic acid derivativesare used. In some embodiments, the maleic acid derivatives aremaleimides. Advantageously, maleimides are known to undergo nucleophilicaddition reactions with thiol groups in wool, and also crosslink amine,hydroxyl, and amide groups.

In some embodiments, the present invention teaches the use ofmono-esters of maleic acid. In some embodiments, mono-ester is apoly(C₂-C₄)-alkylene glycol ester. In certain embodiments, thepolyalkylene glycol ester is selected from the group consisting of:polyethylene glycol esters, polypropylene glycol esters, polybutyleneglycol esters, and combinations thereof. In preferred embodiments, thepolyethylene glycol ester is a polyalkylene glycol bis-maleinate, soldcommercially as a water miscible, medium-viscosity, liquid under thetrade name MIRALAN™ HTP, by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation.According to the supplier's data sheets, MIRALAN™ HTP contains about 65to about 75% by weightpoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)-alpha-hydro-omega-hydroxy, (2Z)-2-butenedioatecorresponds to CAS Number 37310-95-5, has a pH in the range of about pH2 (5% solution) to about pH 2.7 (1 gram/liter), and is reportedlyanionic in character.

In certain embodiments. N-substituted maleimide derivatives are used inthe present invention. In some embodiments, the N-substituted maleimidederivative is N-naphthylmaleimide or N-trifluorophenylmaleimide. Anexemplary N-substituted maleamic acid derivative isN-trifluorophenylmaleamic acid.

In certain embodiments, a polycarboxylic acid is used as one or more ofthe crosslinkers. In some embodiments, one or more of the polycarboxylicacids are selected from the group consisting of: oxalic acid, malonicacid, tartaric acid, dipicolinic acid, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylicacid (BTCA), 1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic (CPTA), citric acid,polyacrylic acid, and the like. In certain embodiments, the inventiondiscloses a combination of a polycarboxylic acid and cyclodextrin. Insome embodiments, the invention discloses the combination of BTCA andcyclodextrin. Advantageously, this combination reportedly forms acopolymer that can crosslink through amide groups, based on studies withwool. In some embodiments, the invention discloses the use of esters ofone or more of the above polycarboxylic acids. In some embodiments, theesters include dimethyl oxalate and dimethyl malonate. In certainembodiments, these crosslinkers are used in a range of about 1.0-25.0%on a total composition weight basis. In preferred embodiments, thesecrosslinkers are used in a range of about 5.0-20.0% on a totalcomposition weight basis.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more epoxy-typecrosslinkers are used. In some embodiments, the epoxy-type crosslinkersinclude styrene oxide and/or epihalohydrins. In some embodiments, theepoxy-type crosslinkers include epichlorohydrin and/or epibromohydrin.In a preferred embodiment the epoxy crosslinker is epichlorohydrin. Insome embodiments, the invention discloses the use of diepoxides ascrosslinkers. In some embodiments, the crosslinkers are1,4-butanediol-diglycidyl ethers. In some embodiments, the one or morecrosslinkers are precursors of epihalohydrins and diepoxides. In certainembodiments, the precursors are selected from the group consisting of:1,3-dichloropropanol-2 and 1,4-dichloro-2,3-dihydroxybutane.

In some embodiments, the present invention discloses the use ofpolyepoxy compounds that are sometimes used as collagen crosslinkingagents (7-8). At least some of these known polyepoxy fixatives arecommercially available under the trademark Denacor™ from NagaseChemicals, Ltd., Osaka, Japan. In particular, one difunctional epoxycompound which has been used as a collagen crosslinking agent is anethylene glycol diglycidyl ether based compound commercially availablefrom Nagase Chemicals, Ltd. of Osaka. Japan under the designationDenacol Ex-810. Other epoxy compounds used in the present invention thathave been previously disclosed for use as collagen crosslinking agentsinclude commercially available substances such as Denacol Ex-313 andDencacol Ex-314 from Nagase Chemicals, Ltd. of Osaka, Japan (8).

In some embodiments, one or more of the crosslinkers used in the presentinvention are imidoesters. In some embodiments, the imidoesters areselected from the group consisting of: dimethyl adipimidate-HCl (DMA),dimethyl pimelimidate-HCl (DMP), dimethyl suberimidate-HCl (DMS), anddimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate-HCl (DTBP). In some embodiments,one or more of the one or more crosslinkers disclosed herein arecarbodiimides. In some embodiments, the carbodiimides areN,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) orN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Insome embodiments, the chemical compounds that are used as fixatives forcross-linking keratin and/or collagen are selected from the groupconsisting of: hexamethylene diisocyanate, polyepoxy compounds,N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, haloacetyls, pyridyl disulfides,hydrazides, carbonates, and aryl azides.

The above keratin crosslinking agent(s) are present in an amount ofabout 0.05%-10.0%6 by weight. In a preferred embodiment, thecross-linking agent(s) are present in the amount of about 0.1-2.0% byweight.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the one or morecrosslinking agents are advantageously also used to lower the pH of theformulations, such as, but not limited to, polycarboxylic acids.

As disclosed above, in certain embodiments of the present invention, aplurality of crosslinking agents are used as a mixture.

Keratin Protein Fractions

In certain embodiments, the keratin protein fractions used in theinventive formulations include hydrolyzed keratin produced by alkalineand/or enzymatic hydrolysis using methods known in the art. In someembodiments, the keratin hydrolysate has a molecular weight of about1,000-3,000. In certain embodiments, the keratin used in the inventivemethods is derived from human or other mammalian sources such as goathair, hoof or horn meals (9,10). In some embodiments, the “keratinprotein fraction” is a purified form of keratin that containspredominantly, although not entirely, one distinct protein group (11).In some embodiments, the keratin protein fraction is intact intermediatefilament protein capable of acting as a protective keratin layer. Insome embodiments, the keratin protein fraction includes a keratinhydrolysate and a purified form of keratin. In some embodiments, theinvention teaches the use of keratin hydrolysate and one or more intactintermediate filament proteins capable of acting as a protective keratinlayer, or a mixture of intact intermediate filament proteins. In someembodiments, the keratin protein fraction is about 0.05%-15.0/o byweight. In some preferred embodiments, the keratin protein fraction isabout 0.5-5.0% by weight. In some embodiments, small, approximately2-100 amino acids, peptides are included in the formulation. In certainembodiments of the present invention, epigallocatechin gallate is alsoused in the formulation to provide additional conditioning. In someembodiments, the concentration of epigallocatechin gallate is from0.5%-15.0% by weight. In preferred embodiments, the range is 1.0%-10.0%by weight.

Amino Acids

In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein include a mixtureof amino acids, including, but not limited to, one or more of the 20natural alpha-amino acids, beta- or gamma-amino acids, or any unnaturalamino acids. In some embodiments, the amino acids are derived from silkfibers.

Cosmetic Ingredients

In certain embodiments, the hair-protectant, curl minimizingcompositions of the present invention include curl minimizing agent in acosmetically acceptable aqueous vehicle suitable for application atleast once to human hair. In some embodiments, the hair-protectantcompositions also contain conventional cosmetic hair conditioningingredients, botanical products, and other optional cosmeticingredients, additives, products or materials, and cosmetic adjuvants,well known in the hair care and personal care formulation arts. Forheat-assisted, curl minimizing processes, the aqueous curl minimizingcomposition preferably contains an auxiliary hair protectant,heat-protective ingredient, such as silicone and/or a siliconederivative.

Cosmetic ingredients optionally employed in the hair-protectantcompositions and systems disclosed herein are referred to by theircommonly used chemical or trade names or by the internationalnomenclature, commonly referred to as an International Nomenclature ofCosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name, designated in any edition of theInternational Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbooks. Numerouscommercial suppliers of materials listed by INCI name, trade name, orboth, can be found in any edition of the INCI Dictionary and in numerouscommercial trade publications (13-14); the relevant disclosures of theINC Dictionary and each of the foregoing publications being incorporatedby reference herein.

The term “cosmetic adjuvant” includes cosmetically useful productfinishing and promotional additives, well known and conventionally usedin the cosmetic arts to maintain the physical stability of a compositionduring storage (shelf-life), and the visible aesthetic appearance of acomposition during storage and during the use of the composition. Insome embodiments, the cosmetic adjuvants that maintain the stability ofthe products of the present invention include a metal-ion chelatingagent, an antioxidizing agent, a preservative, an emulsifying agent, aperfume solubilizer, and the like. In some embodiments, cosmeticadjuvants of the present invention aid in enhancing the aesthetics andmarketing appeal of the present invention, and include, withoutlimitation, a product colorant, a fragrance, and the like.

Those skilled in the formulation arts can readily determine the amountof curl minimizing agent to be used in a formulation by the amount ofcurl minimization desired. Compositions of the various embodiments canbe prepared and used in the form of aqueous liquids, or formulated asemulsions, by techniques known in the art, containing cosmeticallyacceptable conditioners and emulsifiers.

Surfactants

In certain embodiments, one or more surfactants are included in the hairstraightening formulations of the present invention. Surfactants aresurface-active agents that are able to reduce the surface tension ofwater and cause the product to slip across or onto the skin. Surfactantsalso include detergents and soap. In certain embodiments, one or more ofthe surfactants included in the formulations of the present inventionare amphoteric. In some embodiments, one or more anionic or cationicsurfactants are used. In certain embodiments, one or more of thesurfactants used in the hair straightening formulations of the presentinvention are selected from the group consisting of: 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, almond amide DEA, almond amidopropyl betaine, almondamidopropylamine oxide, aluminum hydrogenated tallow glutamate, aluminumlanolate, amino ethyl sulfate, aminopropyl lauryl glutamine, ammoniumC12-15 alkyl sulfate, ammonium C12-15 pareth sulfate, ammonium C12-16alkyl sulfate, ammonium C9-10 perfluoroalkylsulfonate, ammoniumcapryleth sulfate, ammonium capryleth-3 sulfate, ammoniumcocomonoglyceride sulfate, ammonium cocosulfate, ammonium cocoylisethionate, ammonium cocoyl sarcosinate, ammonium cumene sulfonate,ammonium dimethicone copolyol sulfate, ammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,ammonium isostearate, ammonium laureth sulfate, ammonium laureth-12sulfate, ammonium laureth-5 sulfate, ammonium laureth-6 carboxylate,ammonium laureth-7 sulfate, ammonium laureth-8 carboxylate, ammoniumlaureth-9 sulfate, ammonium lauroyl sarcosinate, ammonium laurylsulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfosuccinate, ammoniummyreth sulfate,ammonium myristyl sulfate, ammonium nonoxynol-30 sulfate, ammoniumnonoxynol-4 sulfate, ammonium oleate, ammonium palm kernel sulfate,ammonium polyacrylate, ammonium stearate, ammonium tallate, ammoniumxylene sulfonate, ammonium xylene sulfonate, amp-isostearoylgelatinikeratin amino acids/lysine hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride,amp-isostearoyl hydrolyzed collagen, apricot kernel oil PEG-6 esters,apricot amide DEA, apricot amidopropyl betaine, arachideth-20,avocadamide DEA, avocadamidopropyl betaine, babassuamide DEA,babassuamidopropyl betaine, babassuamidopropylamine oxide, behenalkoniumchloride, behenamide DEA, behenamide MEA, behenamidopropyl betaine,behenamine oxide, behentrimonium methosulfate, behenyl betaine, buteth-3carboxylic acid, butyl polyglucose, C10-14 alkyl benzenesulfonic acid,C11-15 pareth-12, C11-15 pareth-20, C11-15 pareth-30, C11-15 pareth-40,C11-15 pareth-7 carboxylic acid, C11-15 pareth-9, C11-21-pareth-10,C12-13 pareth-10 phosphate, C12-13 pareth-5 carboxylic acid, C12-13pareth-7, C12-15 pareth-11, C12-15 pareth-12, C12-15 pareth-2 phosphate,C12-15 pareth-7 carboxylic acid, C12-15 pareth-9, C12-15 pareth-9hydrogenated tallowate, C14-15 pareth-13, C14-15 24 pareth-8 carboxylicacid, C22-24 pareth-33, calcium laurate, calcium myristate,canolamidopropyl betaine, caprylyl/capryl glucoside, caprylylpyrrolidone, carboxymethyl isostearamidopropyl morpholine, celluloseacetate propionate carboxylate, ceteareth-100, ceteareth-15,ceteareth-17, ceteareth-2 phosphate, ceteareth-20, ceteareth-25,ceteareth-25 carboxylic acid, cetcareth-27, ceteareth-30, ceteareth-4phosphate, ceteareth-40, ceteareth-5 phosphate, ceteareth-50,ceteareth-55, ceteareth-80, cetearyl polyglucose, ceteth-12, ceteth-14,ceteth-15, ceteth-16, ceteth-20, ceteth-24, ceteth-25, ceteth-45,cetethyl morpholinium ethosulfate, cetethyldimonium bromide,cetoleth-15, cetoleth-24, cetoleth-25, cetoleth-6, cetrimonium tosylate,cetyl betaine, cetyl PPG-2 isodeceth-7 carboxylate, cetylpyridmiumchloride, cholesteryl/behenyl/octyldodecyl lauroyl glutamate, cocamide,cocamide DEA, cocamide MEA, cocamide MIPA, cocamidoethyl betaine,cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamidopropyl dimethyl amine, cocamidopropyldimethylamine dihydroxymethylpropionate, cocamidopropyl dimethyl aminehydrolyzed collagen, cocamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate,cocamidopropyl dimethylamine propionate, cocamidopropyldimethylaminohydroxypropyl hydrolyzed collagen, cocamidopropyldimethylammonium C8-16 isoalkylsuccinyl lactoglobulin sulfonate,cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, cocamidopropyllauryl ether,cocamidopropylamine oxide, cocamidopropyldimonium hydroxypropylhydrolyzed collagen, cocamine oxide, co camino butyric acid,cocaminopropionic acid, coceth-4 polyglucose, coceth-7 carboxylic acid,coc % leamidopropyl betaine, cocoamphodipropionic acid, cocobetainamidoamphopropionate, cocobetaine, cocodimonium hydroxypropyl silk aminoacids, coco-ethyldimonium ethosulfate, coco-glucoside,coco-hydroxysultaine, coco-morpholine oxide, coconut acid,cocopolyglucose, coco-sultaine, cocotrimonium chloride, cocoyl benzylhydroxyethyl imidazolinium chloride, cocoyl hydrolyzed collagen, cocoylhydroxyethyl imidazoline, cocoyl sarcosinamide DEA, 25 cocoyl sarcosine,corn acid, cyclopentane carboxylic acid, DEA-C12-15 alkyl sulfate,DEA-cetyl phosphate, DEA-cetyl sulfate, DEA-cocoamphodipropionate,DEA-cyclocarboxypropylolcate, DEA-dodecy Ibenzenesulfonate, DEA-isostearate, DEA-Laureth sulfate, DEA-lauryl sulfate, DEA-methyl myristatesulfonate, DEA-myreth sulfate, DEA-myristate, DEA-myristyl sulfate,DEA-oleth-10 phosphate, DEA-oleth-20 phosphate, DEA-oleth-3 phosphate,DEA-oleth-5 phosphate, deceth-4 phosphate, deceth-7 carboxylic acid,decyl betaine, decyl glucoside, decyl polyglucose, decylamine oxide,diammonium dimethicone copolyol sulfosuccinate, diammonium lauramido-MEAsulfosuccinate, diammonium lauryl sulfosuccinate, diammonium oleamidoPEG-2 sulfosuccinate, diamyl sodium sulfosuccinate, dicapryl sodiumsulfosuccinate, dicetyldimonium chloride, dicocodimonium chloride,dicyclohexyl sodium sulfosuccinate, didecyldimonium chloride,diethanolaminooleamide DEA, diethylamine laureth sulfate,diethylaminoethyl cocoate, diethylaminoethyl PEG-5 cocoate,diethylaminoethyl stearate, diheptyl sodium sulfosuccinate, dihexylsodium sulfosuccinate, dihydrogenated C16-18 amido benzoic acid,dihydrogenated tallow benzylmonium chloride, dihydrogenated tallowmethylamine, dihydrogenated tallow phthalate, dihydroxyethyl C12-15alkoxypropylamine oxide, dihydroxyethyl C8-10 alkoxypropylamine oxide,dihydroxyethyl C9-11 alkoxypropylamine oxide, dihydroxyethyl cocamineoxide, dihydroxyethyl lauramine oxide, dihydroxyethyl soya glycinate,dihydroxyethyl stearamine oxide, dihydroxyethyl tallow glycinate,dihydroxyethyl tallowamine HCl, dihydroxyethyl tallowamine oleate,dihydroxyethyl tallowamine oxide, diisobutyl sodium sulfosuccinate,dilaureth-10 phosphate, dilaureth-4 dimonium chloride, dilauryldimoniumchloride, dilinoleamidopropyl dimethylamine dimethicone copolyolphosphate, dimethicone propyl PG-betaine, dimethyl cocamine,dinonoxynol-9 citrate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, dioctyldodeceth-2lauroyl glutamate, dioctyldodecyllauroyl 26 glutamate, dioleth-8phosphate, dipropylene glycol salicylate, disodium bisethylphenyltriaminotriazine stilbenedisulfonate, disodium C12-15 parethsulfosuccinate, disodium caproamphodiacetate, disodiumcaproamphodipropionate, disodium capryloamphodiacetate, disodiumcapryloamphodipropionate, disodium cetearyl sulfosuccinate, disodiumcocamido MEAsulfosuccinate, disodium cocamido MIPA-sulfosuccinate,disodium cocamido PEG-3 sulfosuccinate, disodium cocaminopropyliminodiacetate, disodium cocoamphocarboxyethy Ihydroxypropy Isulfonate,disodium cocoamphodiacetate, disodium cocoamphodipropionate, disodiumcocopolyglucose citrate, disodium cocopolyglucose sulfosuccinate,disodium cocoyl butyl gluceth-10 sulfosuccinate, disodium cocoylglutamate, disodium deceth-5 sulfosuccinate, disodium deceth-6sulfosuccinate, disodium dicarboxyethyl cocopropylenediamine, disodiumdihydroxyethyl sulfosuccinylundecylenate, disodium dimethicone copolyolsulfosuccinate, disodium distyrylbiphenyl disulfonate, disodiumhydrogenated cottonseed glyceride sulfosuccinate, disodium hydrogenatedtallow glutamate, disodium hydroxydecyl sorbitol citrate, disodiumisodecyl sulfosuccinate, disodium isostcaramido MEA-sulfosuccinatc,disodium isostcaramido MIPA-sulfosuccinate, disodiumisostearoamphodiacetate, disodium isostearoamphodipropionate, disodiumisostearylsulfosuccinate, disodium laneth-5 sulfosuccinate, disodiumlauramido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium lauramido PEG-2 sulfosuccinate,disodium lauramido PEG-5 sulfosuccinate, disodium laurethsulfosuccinate, disodium laureth-12 sulfosuccinate, disodium laureth-5carboxyamphodiacetate, disodium laureth-6 sulfosuccinate, disodiumlaureth-7 citrate, disodium laureth-9 sulfosuccinate, disodiumlauriminodipropionate, disodium lauroamphodiacetate, disodiumlauroamphodipropionate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate, disodiummyristamido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium nonoxynol-10 sulfosuccinate,disodium oleamido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium oleamido 27MIPA-sulfosuccinate, disodium oleamido PEG-2 sulfosuccinate, disodiumoleoamphodipropionate, disodium oleth-3 sulfosuccinate, disodium oleylsulfosuccinate, disodium palmitamido PEG-2 sulfosuccinate, disodiumpalmitoleamido PEG-2 sulfosuccinate, disodium PEG-10 laurylcitratesulfosuccinate, disodium PEG-4 cocamido MIPA-sulfosuccinate, disodiumPEG-8 glyceryl caprylate/caprate, disodium PEG-8 ricinosuccinate,disodium PPG-2-isodeceth-7 carboxyamphodiacetate, disodium ricinolcamidoMEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium sitostereth-14 sulfosuccinate, disodiumstearamido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium steariminodipropionate, disodiumstearoamphodiacetate, disodium stearyl sulfosuccinamate, disodiumstearyl sulfosuccinate, disodium succinate, disodium succinoylglycyrrhetinate, disodium tallamido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium tallowsulfosuccinamate, disodium tallow amido MEAsulfosuccinate, disodiumtallow amphodiacetate, disodium tallow iminodipropionate, disodiumtetrapropenyl succinate, disodium tridecylsulfosuccinate, disodiumundecylenamido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodium undecylenamido PEG-2sulfosuccinate, disodium wheat germamido MEA-sulfosuccinate, disodiumwheat germamido PEG-2 sulfosuccinate, disodium wheat germamphodiacetate, disoyadimonium chloride, disteareth-2 lauroyl glutamate,disteareth-5 lauroyl glutamate, disteareth-6 dimonium chloride,ditallowamidoethyl hydroxypropylamine, ditallowedimonium chloride,di-TEA-olcamido PEG-2 sulfosuccinate, di-TEA-palmitoyl aspartate,ditridecyl sodium sulfosuccinate, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid,dodecylbenzyltrimonium chloride, dodecylxylylditrimonium chloride,dodoxynol-12, dodoxynol-5 dodoxynol-6, dodoxynol-7, dodoxynol-9,erucamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate, ethylguiazulene sulfonate, ethyl PEG-15 cocamine sulfate, glycol stearate,hexeth-4 carboxylic acid, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated coconutacid, hydrogenated ditallowamine, hydrogenated menhaden acid,hydrogenated tallow amide, 28 hydrogenated tallow betaine, hydrogenatedtallowamide DEA, hydrogenated tallowamine, hydrogenated tallowamineoxide, hydrogenated tallowtrimonium chloride, hydrolyzed beeswax,hydroxyceteth-60, hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cocamidopropylamine,hydroxyethyl cetyldimonium chloride, hydroxyethyl cetyldimoniumphosphate, hydroxyethyl hydroxypropyl C12-15 alkoxypropylamine oxide,hydroxyethylbutylamino laureth sulfate, isoceteth-30, isopropanolaminelanolate, isopropyl hydroxycetyl ether, isopropylaminedodecylbenzenesulfonate, isostearamidomorpholine stearate,isostearamidopropyl betaine, isostearamidopropyl morpholine oxide,isostearamidopropylamine oxide, isosteareth-11 carboxylic acid,isosteareth-50, isosteareth-6 carboxylic acid, isostearic acid,isostearoyl hydrolyzed collagen, laneth-40, laneth-50, laneth-75,lanolinamide DEA, lauramide/myristamide DEA, lauramidopropyl betaine,lauramidopropylamine oxide, lauramine oxide, laureth-1, laureth-10,laureth-10 carboxylic acid, laureth-11 carboxylic acid, laureth-13carboxylic acid, laureth-14 carboxylic acid, laureth-17 carboxylic acid,laureth-2, laureth-20, laureth-23, laureth-25, laureth-3, laureth-3carboxylic acid, laureth-3 phosphate, laureth-30, laureth-4, laureth-4carboxylic acid, laureth-40, laureth-5, laureth-5 carboxylic acid,laureth-6, laureth-6 carboxylic acid, laureth-6 citrate, laureth-7,laureth-7 citrate, laureth-7 tartrate, laureth-8 phosphate,lauroamphodipropionic acid, lauroyl hydrolyzed collagen, lauroylsarcosine, lauryl betaine, lauryl hydroxysultaine, lauryl isoquinoliniumbromide, lauryl polyglucose, lauryl pyrrolidone, lauryl sultaine,laurylpyridinium chloride, lysine thiazolidine carboxylate, magnesiumcocoate, magnesium coco-sulfate, magnesium lanolate, magnesium laurethsulfate, magnesium laureth-1 carboxylate, magnesium laureth-16 sulfate,magnesium laureth-5 sulfate, magnesium laureth-8 sulfate, magnesiumlauryl hydroxypropyl sulfonate, magnesium lauryl sulfate, magnesiummyreth sulfate, magnesium oleth sulfate, magnesium PEG-3 cocamide 29sulfate, magnesium tallowate, mannitan oleate, MEA-dicetearyl phosphate,MEA-laureth sulfate, MEA-laureth-6 carboxylate, MEA-lauryl sulfate,MEA-PPG-6-laureth-7-carboxylate, meroxapol105, meroxapol 108, meroxapol171, meroxapol 172, meroxapol 174, meroxapol 178, meroxapol 251,meroxapol 252, meroxapol 254, meroxapol255, meroxapol258, meroxapol311,meroxapol312, meroxapol314, methoxy-PEG-7 rutinyl succinate, methylmorpho line oxide, methylpyrrolidone, methylbenzethonium chloride,minkamide DEA, minkamidopropyl betaine, minkamidopropyl dimethylamine,minkamidopropylamine oxide, MIPA C12-15 pareth sulfate,MIPA-dodecylbenzenesulfonate, MIPA-laureth sulfate, MIPA-lauryl sulfate,mixed isopropanolamines lanolate, mixed isopropanolamines laurylsulfate, mixed isopropanolamines myristate, myreth-2 myristate, myreth-3carboxylic acid, myreth-3 myristate, myreth-5 carboxylic acid,myristamidopropyl betaine, myristamidopropyl dimethyl amine dimethiconecopolyol phosphate, myristamidopropyl dimethylamine phosphate,myristamidopropylamine oxide, myristamine oxide, myristaminopropionicacid, myristoyl hydrolyzed collagen, myristoyl sarcosine, myristylicetylamine oxide, myristyl betaine, noneth-8, nonoxynol-10 carboxylic acid,nonoxynol-10 phosphate, nonoxynol-100, nonoxynol-11, nonoxynol-12,nonoxynol-13, nonoxynol-14, nonoxynol-15, nonoxynol-18, nonoxynol-2,nonoxynol-20, nonoxynol-23, nonoxynol-30, nonoxynol-4, nonoxynol-40,nonoxynol-44, nonoxynol-5, nonoxynol-5 carboxylic acid, nonoxynol-50,nonoxynol-6, nonoxynol-6 phosphate, nonoxynol-7, nonoxynol-8,nonoxynol-8 carboxylic acid, nonoxynol-9, nonoxynol-9 phosphate, nonylnonoxynol-10, nonyl nonoxynol-10 phosphate, nonyl nonoxynol-100, nonylnonoxynol-15 phosphate, nonyl nonoxynol-150, nonyl nonoxynol-24phosphate, nonyl nonoxynol-49, nonyl nonoxynol-7 phosphate, nonylnonoxynol-9 phosphate, octeth-3 carboxylic acid, octoxynol-1,octoxynol-10, octoxynol-11, octoxynol-13, octoxynol-16, octoxynol-20carboxylic acid, octoxynol-3, 30 octoxynol-30, octoxynol-40,octoxynol-5, octoxynol-7, octoxynol-70, octoxynol-8, octoxynol-9,octoxynol-9 carboxylic acid, oleamidopropyl betaine, oleamidopropylhydroxysultaine, oleamidopropylamine oxide, oleamine oxide, oleoylhydrolyzed collagen, oleoyl sarcosine, oleth-10, oleth-10 carboxylicacid, oleth-10 phosphate, oleth-12, oleth-15, oleth-16, oleth-2,oleth-20, oleth-20 phosphate, oleth-23, oleth-25, oleth-3 carboxylicacid, oleth-3 phosphate, oleth-4 phosphate, oleth-44, oleth-5 phosphate,oleth-50, oleth-6 carboxylic acid, oleyl betaine, olivamide DEA,olivamidopropyl betaine, olivamidopropylamine oxide, olive oil PEG-10esters, palm kemelamide DEA, palm kemelamide MEA, palm kemelamide MIPA,palm kemelamidopropyl betaine, palmamide DEA, palmamide MEA, palmamideMIPA, palmamidopropyl betaine, palmitamidopropyl betaine,palmitamidopropylamine oxide, palmitamine oxide, palmitoyl hydrolyzedcollagen, palmitoyl hydrolyzed wheat protein, pea ethyl cocoyl arginate,peanutamide MEA, peanutamide MIPA, PEG/PPG-300/55 copolymer, PEG-10castor oil, PEG-10 cocamine, PEG-10 coco-benzonium chloride, PEG-10isostearate, PEG-10 soyamine, PEG-10 stearate, PEG-10 stearyl benzoniumchloride, PEG-100 castor oil, PEG-100 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-100lanolin, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-II cocamide, PEG-120 glyceryl stearate,PEG-120 stearate, PEG-15 castor oil, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-15 cocomoniumchloride, PEG-15 hydrogenated tallow amine, PEG-15 oleammonium chloride,PEG-15 soyamine, PEG-15 stearmonium chloride, PEG-150 distearate,PEG-150 laurate, PEG-150 oleate, PEG-150 stearate, PEG-16 hydrogenatedcastor oil, PEG-175 distearate, PEG-2 castor oil, PEG-2 coco-benzoniumchloride, PEG-2 cocomonium chloride, PEG-2 hydrogenated tallow amine,PEG-2 oleammonium chloride, PEG-2 sorbitan isostearate, PEG-2 soyamine,PEG-2 stearamide carboxylic acid, PEG-20 castor oil, PEG-20 cocamine,PEG-20 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-20 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-20hydrogenated tallow amine, PEG-20 31 laurate, PEG-20 myristate, PEG-20oleate, PEG-20 palmitate, PEG-20 sorbitan beeswax, PEG-20 sorbitanisostearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-20 tallate, PEG-200 castor oil,PEG-200 glyceryl stearate, PEG-200 glyceryl tallowate, PEG-200hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-200 trihydroxystearin, PEG-23 oleate,PEG-25 castor oil, PEG-25 diethylmonium chloride, PEG-25 glycerylstearate, PEG-25 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-28 glyceryl tallowate,PEG-29 castor oil, PEG-3 castor oil, PEG-3 cocamide, PEG-3 lauramineoxide, PEG-3 oleamide, PEG-30 castor oil, PEG-30 glyceryl cocoate,PEG-30 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-30 glyceryl oleate, PEG-30 glycerylstearate, PEG-30 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-30 hydrogenated tallowamine, PEG-30 oleamine, PEG-30 stearate, PEG-32 laurate, PEG-32 oleate,PEG-32 stearate, PEG-33 castor oil, PEG-35 castor oil, PEG-35hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-35 stearate, PEG-36 castor oil, PEG-36oleate, PEG-36 stearate, PEG-4 castor oil, PEG-4 laurate, PEG-4stearamide, PEG-40 castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40hydrogenated tallow amine, PEG-40 sorbitan diisostearate, PEG-40sorbitan peri so stearate, PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-40 sorbitanstearate, PEG-40 sorbitol hexaoleate, PEG-40 stearate, PEG-44 sorbitanlaurate, PEG-45 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-45 stearate, PEG-45stearate phosphate, PEG-4-PPG-7 C13/C15 alcohol, PEG-5 castor oil, PEG-5cocamide, PEG-5 ditridecylmonium chloride, PEG-5 glyceryl stearate,PEG-5 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-5 hydrogenated com glycerides, PEG-5soyamine, PEG-5 stearate, PEG-5 stearyl ammonium chloride, PEG-5 stearylammonium lactate, PEG-5 tallow benzonium chloride, PEG-50 castor oil,PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-50 stearamine, PEG-50 stearate,PEG-6 cocamide, PEG-6 oleate, PEG-6 palmitate, PEG-6 sorbitan beeswax,PEG-60 castor oil, PEG-60 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-60 hydrogenatedcastor oil, PEG-60 sorbitan stearate, PEG-66 trihydroxystearin, PEG-7cocamide, PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-7oleate, PEG-75 castor oil, PEG-75 dioleate, PEG-75 lanolin, 32 PEG-75lanolin oil, PEG-75 lanolin wax, PEG-75 laurate, PEG-75 oleate, PEG-75sorbitan laurate, PEG-75 stearate, PEG-78 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-8 castoroil, PEG-8 laurate, PEG-8 propylene glycol cocoate, PEG-8 ricinoleate,PEG-8 sorbitan beeswax, PEG-8 soyamine, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-80 glycerylcocoate, PEG-80 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-80 jojoba acid, PEG-80jojoba alcohol, PEG-80 sorbitan laurate, PEG-80 sorbitan palmitate,PEG-85 lanolin, PEG-9 castor oil, PEG-9 ricinoleate, PEG-90 stearate,pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate, poloxamer 101, poloxamer 105,poloxamer 108, poloxamer 122, poloxamer 123, poloxamer 124, poloxamer181, poloxamer 182, poloxamer 183, poloxamer 184, poloxamer 185,poloxamer 188, poloxamer 212, poloxamer 215, poloxamer 217, poloxamer231, poloxamer 234, poloxamer 235, poloxamer 237, poloxamer 238,poloxamer 282, poloxamer 284, poloxamer 288, poloxamer 331, poloxamer333, poloxamer 334, poloxamer 335, poloxamer 338, poloxamer 401,poloxamer 402, poloxamer 403, poloxamer 407, polyglyceryl-4-PEG-2cocamide, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate65, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85, potassium abietoyl hydrolyzedcollagen, potassium C9-15 alkyl phosphate, potassium castorate,potassium cetyl phosphate, potassium cocoate, potassium cocoylglutamate, potassium cocoyl hydrolyzed collagen, potassium cornate,potassium cyclocarboxypropyloleate, potassium dihydroxyethyl cocamineoxide phosphate, potassium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, potassium laurate,potassium lauroyl collagen amino acids, potassium lauroyl hydrolyzedcollagen, potassium lauroyl hydrolyzed soy protein, potassium laurylhydroxypropyl sulfonate, potassium lauryl sulfate, potassium methylcocoyl taurate, potassium myristate, potassium myristoyl hydrolyzedcollagen, potassium octoxynol-12 phosphate, potassium oleate, potassiumoleoyl hydrolyzed collagen, potassium olivate, potassium palmitate,potassium ricinoleate, potassium stearate, potassium stearoyl hydrolyzedcollagen, potassium tallowate, potassium toluenesulfonate, potassiumundecylenoyl hydrolyzed 33 collagen, potassium xylene sulfonate, PPG-IOcetyl ether, PPG-IO cetyl ether phosphate, PPG-15-PEG-II hydrogenatedlauryl alcohol ether, PPG-17 butyl ether, PPG-20 butyl ether, PPG-24butyl ether, PPG-25 diethylmonium chloride, PPG-3 hydrogenated castoroil, PPG-30-buteth-30, PPG-4 laureth-5, PPG-40 diethylmonium chloride,PPG-50 cetyl ether, PPG-5-ceteth-10 phosphate, PPG-5-ceteth-20,PPG-8-ceteth-IO, PPG-8-ceteth-20, PPG-9 diethylmonium chloride,propylene glycol soyate, quaternium-14, quaternium-18, quaternium-24,quaternium-52, raffinose oleate, rapeseedamidopropyl benzyldimoniumchloride, ricinoleamidopropyl betaine, ricinoleth-40, saponins, sesamideDEA, sesamidopropyl betaine, sesamidopropyl dimethylamine,sesamidopropylamine oxide, sodium/MEA laureth-2 sulfosuccinate,sodium/TEA-lauroyl collagen amino acids, sodium/TEAlauroyl hydrolyzedcollagen, sodiumlTEA-lauroyl hydrolyzed keratin, sodiumlTEA-lauroylkeratin amino acids, sodium/TEA-undecylenoyl collagen amino acids,sodium/TEA-undecylenoyl hydrolyzed collagen, sodium behenoyl lactylate,sodium bisglycol ricinosulfosuccamate, sodium butoxynol-12 sulfate,sodium C11-15 pareth-7 carboxylate, sodium C12-13 pareth sulfate, sodiumC12-14 olefin sulfonate, sodium C12-15 alkoxypropyl iminodipropionate,sodium C12-15 alkyl sulfate, sodium C12-15 pareth sulfate, sodium C12-15pareth-15 sulfonate, sodium C12-15 pareth-3 sulfonate, sodium C12-15pareth-6 carboxylate, sodium C12-15 pareth-7 carboxylate, sodium C12-15pareth-7 sulfonate, sodium C12-18 alkyl sulfate, sodium C13-17 alkanesulfonate, sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate, sodium C14-17 alkyl secsulfonate, sodium C14-18 olefin sulfonate, sodium C16-18 olefinsulfonate, sodium C16-20 alkyl sulfate, sodium C8-16 isoalkylsuccinyllactoglobulin sulfonate, sodium C9-22 alkyl sec sulfonate, sodiumcaproamphoacetate, sodium caproamphohydroxypropylsulfonate, sodiumcaproamphopropionate, sodium caprylate, sodium capryleth-2 carboxylate,sodium capryleth-9 34 carboxylate, sodium capryloamphoacetate, sodiumcapryloamphohydroxypropylsulfonate, sodium capryloamphopropionate,sodium caprylyl sulfonate, sodium carboxyethyl tallow polypropylamine,sodium carboxymethyl cocopolypropylamine, sodium carboxymethyl oleylpolypropylamine, sodium carboxymethyl tallow polypropylamine, sodiumcastorate, sodium cetearyl sulfate, sodium ceteth-13 carboxylate, sodiumcetyl sulfate, sodium cocaminopropionate, sodium coceth sulfate, sodiumcoco/hydrogenated tallow sulfate, sodium cocoamphoacetate, sodiumcocoamphohydruxypropylsulfonate, sodiumcocoamphopropionate, sodiumcocoate, sodium cocoglyceryl ether sulfonate, sodium cocomonoglyceridesulfate, sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfonate, sodium cocopolyglucosetartrate, sodium coco-sulfate, sodium cocoyl collagen amino acids,sodium cocoyl glutamate, sodium cocoyl hydrolyzed collagen, sodiumcocoyl hydrolyzed keratin, sodium cocoyl hydrolyzed rice protein, sodiumcocoyl hydrolyzed soy protein, sodium cocoyl hydrolyzed wheat protein,sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium cocoyllactylate, sodium cocoylsarcosinate, sodium comamphopropionate, sodium cumenesulfonate, sodiumcyclopentane carboxylate, sodium deceth sulfate, sodium deceth-2carboxylate, sodium decylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dicarboxyethylcocophosphoethyl imidazoline, sodium diethylaminopropyl cocoaspartamide,sodium dihydroxycetyl phosphate, sodium dilaureth-7 citrate, sodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium ethyl 2-sulfolaurate, sodium glycereth-Ipolyphosphate, sodium glyceryl oleate phosphate, sodium guiazulenesulfonate, sodium hydrogenated tallow glutamate, sodiumisostearoamphoacetate, sodium isostearoamphopropionate, sodium lanethsulfate, sodium lauramido diacetate, sodium lauramidopropylhydroxyphostaine, sodium lauraminopropionate, sodium laurate, sodiumlaureth sulfate, sodium laureth-11 carboxylate, sodium laureth-12sulfate, sodium laureth-13 carboxylate, sodium laureth-14 carboxylate,sodium laureth-17 carboxylate, sodium laureth-4 35 carboxylate, sodiumlaureth-4 phosphate, sodium laureth-5 carboxylate, sodium laureth-5sulfate, sodium laureth-6 carboxylate, sodium laureth-7 sulfate, sodiumlaureth-7 tartrate, sodium laureth-8 sulfate, sodiumlauriminodipropionate, sodium lauroampho PG-acetate phosphate, sodiumlauroamphoacetate, sodium lauroamphohydroxypropylsulfonate, sodiumlauroyl aspartate, sodium lauroyl glutamate, sodium lauroyl hydrolyzedcollagen, sodium lauroyl isethionate, sodium lauroylmethylaminopropionate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyltaurate, sodium lauryl phosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylsulfoacetate, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium methyl-2-sulfolaurate,sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium methyl lauroyl taurate, sodiummethyl myristoyl taurate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, sodium methylpalmitoyl taurate, sodium methyl stearoyl taurate,sodiummethylnaphthalenesulfonate, sodium myreth sulfate, sodiummyristate, sodium myristoamphoacetate, sodium myristoyl glutamate,sodium myristoyl isethionate, sodium myristoyl sarcosinate, sodiummyristyl sulfate, sodium nonoxynol-1 sulfate, sodium nonoxynol-10sulfate, sodium nonoxynol-4 sulfate, sodium nonoxynol-6 phosphate,sodium nonoxynol-9 phosphate, sodium octoxynol-2 ethane sulfonate,sodium octyl sulfate, sodium oleate, sodium oleoamphoacetate, sodiumoleoamphohydroxypropylsulfonate, sodium oleoamphopropionate, sodiumoleoyl isethionate, sodium oleth-7 phosphate, sodium oleth-8 phosphate,sodium olivate, sodium palm kernelate, sodium palmate, sodium palmitate,sodium PEG-6 cocamide carboxylate, sodiumpolydimethylglycinophenolsulfonate, sodium polynaphthalenesulfonate,sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sodium ricinoleoamphoacetate, sodium shaleoil sulfonate, sodium soya hydrolyzed collagen, sodium stearate, sodiumstearoamphoacetate, sodium stearoamphopropionate, sodium stearylbetaine, sodium stearyl sulfate, sodium tallamphopropionate, sodiumtallow sulfate, sodium tallowamphoacetate, sodium tallowate, sodiumtoluenesulfonate, sodium trideceth 36 sulfate, sodium trideceth-12carboxylate, sodium trideceth-3 carboxylate, sodium trideceth-6carboxylate, sodium trideceth-7 carboxylate, sodium trideceth-8carboxylate, sodium tridecyl sulfate, sodium tridecylbenzenesulfonate,sodium trilaureth-4 phosphate, sodium undecy lenoamphoacetate, sodiumundecy lenoamphopropionate, sodium wheat germamphoacetate, sodiumxylenesulfonate, soya hydroxyethyl imidazoline, soyamide DEA,soyamidopropyl betaine, soyamidopropyl dimethylamine, soyamidopropylethyldimonium ethosulfate, soytrimonium chloride, stearamidopropylbetaine, stearamidopropyl dimethyl amine, stearamidopropylamine oxide,stearamine oxide, steareth-10, steareth-100, steareth-2, steareth-20,steareth-21, steareth-2S, steareth-27, steareth-30, steareth-40,steareth-50, stearoyl sarcosine, stearyl betaine, sucrose laurate,sucrose palmitate, sulfated castor oil, sulfated glyceryl oleate,sulfated olive oil, sulfated peanut oil, sulfonated castor oil, tallowamide, tallow amine, tallow betaine, tallow dihydroxyethyl betaine,tallow hydroxy ethyl imidazoline, tallowalkonium chloride,tallowamidopropyl betaine, tallowamidopropyl dimethylamine,tallowamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, tallowamidopropylamine oxide,tallowamine oxide, tallowedimonium propyltrimonium dichloride,tallowtrimonium chloride, TEA-abietoyl hydrolyzed collagen, TEA-C10-12alkyl sulfate, TEA-C10-14 alkyl benzenesulfonate, TEA-C10-15 alkylsulfate, TEA-C12-15 alkyl sulfate, TEA-cocoate, TEA-cocosulfate,TEA-cocoyl glutamate, TEA-cocoyl hydrolyzed collagen, TEA-cocoylsarcosinate, TEA-dodecylbenzenesulfonate, TEAhydrogenated tallowglutamate, TEA-isostearate, TEA-isostearoyl hydrolyzed collagen,TEAlauraminopropionate, TEA-laureth sulfate, TEA-lauroyl collagen aminoacids, TEA-lauroyl glutamate, TEA-lauroyl hydrolyzed collagen,TEA-lauroyl keratin amino acids, TEA-lauroyl lactylate, TEA-lauroylsarcosinate, TEA-lauryl sulfate, TEA-myristaminopropionate,TEAmyristate, TEA-myristoyl hydrolyzed collagen, TEA-oleate, TEA-oleoylhydrolyzed collagen, 37 TEA-oleoyl sarcosinate, TEA-oleyl sulfate,TEA-palm kernel sarcosinate, TEA-palmitate, TEAPEG-3 cocamide sulfate,TEA-stearate, TEA-tallate, TEA-tridecylbenzenesulfonate, TEAundecylenoylhydrolyzed collagen, tetrasodium dicarboxyethyl stearylsulfosuccinamate, TIPAlaureth sulfate, TIPA-lauryl sulfate,TIPA-stearate, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12, tocophereth-18,tocophereth-5, tocophereth-50, toluene sulfonic acid, triceteareth-4phosphate, triceteth-5 phosphate, trideceth-12, trideceth-15 carboxylicacid, trideceth-19 carboxylic acid, trideceth-3 carboxylic acid,trideceth-4 carboxylic acid, trideceth-6, trideceth-6 phosphate,trideceth-7 carboxylic acid, trideceth-8, tridecylbenzenesulfonic acid,triheptanoin, trilauryl phosphate, triolein PEG-6 esters, trisodiumlauroampho PG-acetate phosphate chloride, tristearyl phosphate, undecylpolyglucose, undecylenamidopropyl betaine, undecylenamidopropylamineoxide, undecylenoyl wheat amino acids, wheat germamide DEA, wheatgermamidopropyl betaine, wheat germamidopropyl dimethylamine, wheatgermamidopropyl dimethyl amine lactate, wheat germamidopropylamineoxide, xylene sulfonic acid, zinc pentadecene tricarboxylate, andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the surfactants are presentin an amount of about 0.1%-15.0% by weight. In some embodiments, thepreferred range is about 1.0%-10.0% by weight.

Emollients

In certain embodiments, the hair straightening formulations include oneor more emollients. As defined herein, an “emollient” is a material thatprotects against wetness or irritation, softens, soothes, supples,coats, lubricates, moisturizes, protects, and/or cleanses the skin. Incertain embodiments, one or more of the emollients included in the hairstraightening formulations disclosed herein is a silicone compound. Incertain embodiments, the silicone compound is selected from the groupconsisting of: dimethicone, cyclomethicone, dimethicone copolyol, amixture of cyclopentasiloxane and cyclopentasiloxane polysilicone. Incertain embodiments, the inventive formulations disclosed herein includepolyols. In some embodiments, the polyols are selected from the groupconsisting of: sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, caprylyl glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, hexylene glycol, isoprene glycol, xylitol. In some embodiments,the present invention discloses the use of ethylhexyl palmitate, atriglyceride such as caprylic/capric triglyceride, and fatty acid estersuch as cetearyl isononanoate or cetyl palmitate as emollients. Incertain embodiments, the emollient is selected from the group consistingof: dimethicone, amidodimethicone, dimethiconol, cyclopentasiloxane,potassium dimethicone PEG-7 panthenyl phosphate, cetearyl isononanoate,cetyl palmitate, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, theemollient is about 0.5-15.0% by weight of the hair straighteningformulations. In certain preferred embodiments, the emollient is about1.0-10.0% by weight of the hair straightening formulations.

Emulsifiers

In certain embodiments, formulations of the present invention includeone or more emulsifiers. Emulsifiers used in the hair straighteningformulations of the present invention include a copolymer of anunsaturated ester and styrene sulphonate monomer, cetearyl alcohol,glyceryl ester, polyoxyethylene glycol ether of cetearyl alcohol,stearic acid, polysorbate-20, ceteareth-20, lecithin, glycol stearate,polysorbate-60 and/or polysorbate-80. In some embodiments, theemulsifier is about 0.05-15.0% by weight of the hair straighteningformulations disclosed herein. In preferred embodiments, the emulsifieris about 0.1-10.0% by weight of the hair straightening formulationsdisclosed herein.

Preservatives

In some embodiments, one or more preservatives are included in the hairstraightening formulations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, one ormore of the preservatives includes one or more glycerin containingcompounds. In some embodiments the preservatives include a chemicalselected from the group consisting of: glycerin, ethylhexylglycerin, andphenoxyethanol. In some embodiments, the preservatives further includebenzyl alcohol, EDTA, and/or potassium sorbate. In some embodiments, thepreservatives of the formulations disclosed herein include plant-derivedcompounds or compound mixtures. In certain embodiments, theplant-derived compounds or compound mixtures are selected from the groupconsisting of: grapefruit seed extract, radish root ferment filtrate,Aloe barbadensis leaf ferment filtrate. Sorbus aucuparia fruit fermentfiltrate, Ribes nigrum (black currant) fruit extract, Sambucus nigrafruit extract, japonica root extract, Zingiber officinale (ginger) rootextract, Allium sativum (garlic) bulb extract, Origanum vulgare leafextract, Thymus vulgaris (thyme) leaf extract, Rosmarinus officinalis(rosemary) leaf extract, and combinations thereof. In preferredembodiments, the hair straightening formulations are paraben-free. Incertain embodiments, the preservative component is from about 0.05-15%by weight of the hair straightening formulations disclosed herein. Inpreferred embodiments, the preservative component is from about 0.1-5.0%by weight of the hair straightening formulations disclosed herein.

Skin Protecting Agents

In certain embodiments, the hair straightening formulations disclosedherein include one or more skin protecting agents. In some embodiments,the skin protecting agents include one or more agents that prevent thetransmission of microbes. In some embodiments, the hair straighteningformulations disclosed herein include antibacterial agents. In someembodiments, the skin protecting agents include skin cleansing agents.In certain embodiments, the skin cleansing agents include one or moredisinfectants and/or antiseptic agents. In some embodiments, the skinprotecting agents include ultraviolet to visible radiation blockingagents. In some embodiments, skin protecting agents included in the hairstraightening formulations of the present invention include cleansingagents. In some embodiments, the cleansing agents are selected from thegroup consisting of: sodium cocyl amino acids, benzalkonium chloride,centrimonium chloride, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the skin protecting component is about 0.1-10.0% by weight of the hairstraightening formulations disclosed herein. In some preferredembodiments, the skin protecting component is about 0.5-5.0% by weightof the formulations disclosed herein.

Botanicals

In certain embodiments, the hair straightening formulations disclosedherein include one or more botanical, or botanical-derived ingredients.In some embodiments, one or more botanicals are derived from the groupconsisting of: Castanha do Brasil (Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa) oiland butter, Mauritia fruit, essential Buriti fruit oil (Mauritiaflexuosa), Andiroba seed oil, Mango seed oil and butter, Jojoba oil,Olive squalane, oil, and leaf extract. Sunflower oil, Sangre de Drago,Samambaia, Una de Gato, Camu Camu, Cupuacu oil and butter, EspinheiraSanta, Maracuja (passion flower) oil, Vitamin E, Sandelwood essentialoil, avocado oil, coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil, sweet almond oil. AloeVera (Aloe Barbadensis) leaf juice, butter, and oil, Shea butter,Macadamia nut oil, Blueberry seed oil, Pomegranate seed oil, Green teaextract, Lemon essential oil, Lime essential oil, Mandarin oil andbutter, Tangerine oil and butter, Orange blossom, sweet Orange oil,Orange wild oil, Orange essence oil, Vanilla extract, Guarana extract.Palm butter, and Wheat proteins. One of skill in the art would readilyappreciate that additional botanicals could be used in addition to thosedisclosed herein.

Diluents

The term “diluent,” as used herein refers to substances that may be usedto dilute the active ingredient, as disclosed above. In someembodiments, water is used as the diluent. In some embodiments, theformulations require use of greater than 1.0% water to be effective.Advantageously, greater than 5.0% water is used. Preferably, greaterthan 50% water is used. Even more preferably, greater than 70% water isused. In certain embodiments, alcohols are used. In some embodiments,the alcohols are used at low concentrations to enhance shaft penetrationand/or reduce odor. In some embodiments the concentration of thealcohols used is about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the alcohols used inthe inventive formulations are ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Highconcentrations above about 35.0% and greater of alcohols are notpreferred, as they disrupt the effectiveness of the formulations.

Auxiliary Ingredients

In some embodiments, the hair straightening formulations disclosedherein include one or more thickeners, particularly when the formulationis in the form of a cream, lotion or gel. In some embodiments, thethickeners include polyethylene glycol and/or sodium polyacrylate. Insome embodiments, the thickener component is present in an amount ofabout 0.1-5.0% by weight of the formulations disclosed herein. Morepreferably, the thickener component is present in an amount of about0.2-1.0% by weight of the formulations disclosed herein.

In some embodiments of the present invention, fragrances are added tomask the odor of various other components in the formulations of thepresent invention. In some embodiments, the fragrances are selected fromthe group consisting of: caramel, vanilla, coconut, and jasmine. One ofskill in the art would readily appreciate that almost any fragrancecould be used in the formulations of the present invention. In someembodiments, the fragrance component is about 0.1-10.0% by weight of theformulations disclosed herein. More preferably, the fragrance componentis about 0.1-1.0% by weight of the formulations disclosed herein.

Product Application

In some embodiments, the present invention teaches a method in which ahair straightening formulation disclosed herein, or any componentthereof, is applied to pre-cleaned, substantially dry, naturally curlyhair, and distributed through the hair for a period sufficient tosaturate the hair. The hair is then optionally styled by blow dryingwith a hand-held hair dryer or by another means with a substantiallysimilar effect.

In some embodiments, the hair is washed with a shampoo that is slightlybasic, before applying a formulation disclosed herein, or any componentthereof. In some embodiments, the hair is washed with a shampoo that isslightly basic about 0.1-3.0 hours before applying the formulation. Insome embodiments, the pH of the shampoo is about 7.0-8.0. In someembodiments, the shampoo contains citric acid buffered with sodiumcitrate. In some embodiments, alternative acids and/or buffers withsubstantially similar chemical effects are used.

When the above-mentioned methods of applying shampoo and treatment areused, the slightly alkaline pH swells the hair and breaks down thedisulfide double bond of the cysteine portion of the keratin molecule.The porosity of the cuticle layer (the outer layer of the hair) isimportant since it determines the amount of treatment (fixative) agentthat can subsequently enter the cortex of the hair.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the hair straighteningformulation disclosed herein, or one or more components thereof, is (1)applied to pre-cleaned, optionally substantially dry, naturally curlyhair, (2) distributed through the hair and maintained in contact withthe hair for a period sufficient to saturate the hair, preferably atleast about ten minutes, (3) optionally dried by blow drying the hairwith a hand-held electric hair dryer or substantially equivalent meansuntil the hair feels substantially dry to the touch and (4) styled witha heated ceramic flat hair iron having a platen, wherein temperaturesetting of the flat iron is in the range 150-235° C.

In certain embodiments, a preconditioning composition is applied to thehair, by spraying, brushing or equivalent means. The preconditioningcomposition is distributed through the hair, and maintained in contactwith the hair for a period sufficient to saturate the hair. In certainembodiments, the preconditioning composition is applied and allowed tosaturate the hair for at least about 5-10 minutes. In some embodiments,the preconditioned hair is then rinsed with tepid water for at leastabout 30 seconds, towel blotted and then contacted with a hairstraightening formulation.

The hair straightening formulations of the present invention, or one ormore components thereof, are preferably applied with a brush,distributed through the hair, and maintained in contact with the hairfor a period sufficient to saturate the hair. Preferably, the hairstraightening formulation, or one or more components thereof, is incontact with the hair for at least about 5-10 minutes.

In some embodiments, the hair is then contacted with a thermalprotectant composition distributed through the hair, the hair is thenoptionally blow-dried using a hand-held electric hair dryer orsubstantially equivalent means for drying, set at a heat of about 105°C. until the hair feels substantially dry to the touch, and is thenstyled with a heated ceramic flat hair iron having a platen temperaturesetting in the range 150-235° C. In some embodiments, the entire hairstraightening process is completed in about 40-120 minutes.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the hair straighteningformulation, or one or more components thereof, is present in thepreconditioning composition, in the thermal protectant composition, orin the preconditioning composition and thermal protectant composition.In certain embodiments, neither a preconditioning composition northermal protectant composition are used, and the hair straighteningformulation, or one or more components thereof, is applied directly toclean, damp hair.

In some embodiments, the preconditioning composition contains a cationicconditioning agent. In certain embodiments, the cationic conditioningagent is a monomeric or polymeric quaternary ammonium compound and ispreferably alkaline in the presence of a curl minimizing agent. Thethermal protectant compositions of the inventive method preferablycontain a silicone component and are slightly acidic to substantiallyneutral in the presence of the hair straightening formulations, orcomponents thereof.

In certain embodiments, the hair straightening system includes the useof at least one “leave-in” conditioner applied after the straighteningprocedure and left in the hair.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the reducing agents is appliedbefore and separately from the remainder of the hair straighteningformulation, or one or more components thereof. In some embodiments,this application is carried out to clean, damp hair and the solution isleft in contact with the hair for about 5-30 minutes before applying theremainder of the hair straightening formulation, or one or morecomponents thereof. In yet other embodiments, the pH-lowering agent isapplied before and separately from the remainder of the hairstraightening formulation, or one or more components thereof. In someembodiments, this application is carried out to clean, damp hair and thesolution is left in contact with the hair for about 5-10 minutes beforeapplying the remainder of the hair straightening formulation, or one ormore components thereof. In yet other embodiments, the one or more pHlowering agents and one or more reducing agents are applied together,but separately from the remainder of the hair straightening formulation,or one or more components thereof.

The present invention is also directed to a kit with an intendedfunction of facilitating the straightening of hair. The kit can beconfigured in numerous ways to be useful for practicing any of theinventive methods disclosed herein, including straightening hair withone or more of the inventive formulations, or one or more componentsthereof, disclosed herein.

The kit is an assemblage of materials or components, including at leastone of the inventive formulations, or one or more components thereof.Thus, in some embodiments the kit contains a formulation includingsubstances selected from the group consisting of: one or more keratinhydrolysates, one or more pH-lowering agents, one or more reducingagents, one or more crosslinking agents, and combinations thereof, withor without shampoo, conditioner, or other categories of additionalcomponents and/or agents described above and below.

In some embodiments, the kit is configured particularly for use withmammalian subjects. In some embodiments, the kit is configuredparticularly for use with human subjects.

Instructions for use may be included in the kit. “Instructions for use”typically include a tangible expression describing the technique to beemployed in using the components of the kit to affect a desired outcome,including straightening hair with one or more of the formulations, orcomponents thereof, as disclosed herein.

The materials and/or components assembled in the kit can be provided andstored in any convenient and suitable way that preserves theiroperability and utility. For example, the formulations, or one or morecomponents thereof, can be in dissolved, dehydrated, or lyophilizedform; they can be provided at room, refrigerated or frozen temperatures.The components are typically contained in suitable packagingmaterial(s). As employed herein, the phrase “packaging material” refersto one or more physical structures used to house the contents of thekit, such as one or more of the inventive formulations and the like. Thepackaging material is constructed by well-known methods, preferably toprovide a sterile, contaminant-free environment. As used herein, theterm “package” refers to a suitable solid matrix or material such asglass, plastic, paper, foil, Styrofoam and the like, capable of holdingthe individual kit components. Thus, for example, a package can be aglass, plastic, or paper vessel used to contain suitable quantities ofan inventive formulation containing hair straightener including: one ormore keratin hydrolysates, one or more pH-lowering agents, one or morereducing agents, one or more crosslinking agents, and optionally one ormore substances of the other categories of agents disclosed herein. Thepackaging material generally has an external label which indicates thecontents and/or purpose of the kit and/or its components, as well as itsvarious marketable attributes.

In some embodiments, the invention teaches a kit with componentsselected from the group consisting of: a hair straightening formulation,a thermal protectant composition, and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the kit also contains one or more implements for performinga curl minimizing procedure. In certain embodiments, the implements areselected from the group consisting of: disposable gloves, a brush, acomb, a hand-held blow dryer, a flat hair iron, combinations thereof,and the like. The kit components preferably are separately packaged andcontained in an outer package. The outer package can be a box or cartonor shrink wrap, and preferably has instructional indicia printed thereonor visible therethrough.

Product and Method Promotion

In certain embodiments, the invention includes one or more forms ofinstructional indicia. In some embodiments of the present invention,instructional indicia are selected from the group consisting of: printedmedia, aural media, visual aids, electronic media, and combinationsthereof, which instruct the user on the use of the hair product. In someembodiments of the present invention, printed media used with theformulations and accompanying products disclosed herein are selectedfrom the group consisting of: labels attached to, or imprinted on, thecomponents of the kit, package inserts, pamphlets, books, flyers,combinations thereof, and the like. In some embodiments of the presentinvention, aural media used with the formulations and accompanyingproducts disclosed herein are selected from the group consisting of:tape recordings, audio compact discs, records, combinations thereof, andthe like. In some embodiments of the present invention, visual aids usedwith the formulations and accompanying products disclosed herein areselected from the group consisting of: slides, movies, videos, DVDs, andthe like. In some embodiments of the present invention, electronic mediaused with the formulations and accompanying products disclosed hereininclude electronic data storage media. In some embodiments, theelectronic data storage media is selected from the group consisting of:diskettes, interactive CD-ROMs, interactive DVDs, combinations thereof,and the like.

While the foregoing written description of the invention enables one ofordinary skill to make and use what is considered presently to be thebest mode thereof, those of ordinary skill will understand andappreciate the existence of variations, combinations, and equivalents ofthe specific embodiments, methods, and examples herein. The inventionshould therefore not be limited by the above described embodiments,methods, and examples, but by all embodiments and methods within thescope and spirit of the invention.

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similaror equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in thepractice of the present invention. Indeed, the present invention is inno way limited to the methods and materials described.

The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are notintended to limit the scope of the disclosure or its various embodimentsin any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Formulation #1

The hair straightening formulation may have the following composition:

Ingredients Weight % keratin protein fraction  0.5-2.0 pH adjustingagent 0.25-2.0 crosslinking agent 0.25-2.0 reducing agent 0.25-2.0propylene glycol  1.0-5.0 dimethicone 0.25-1.0 cyclomethicone  0.5-2.0phenyl trimethicone  0.5-2.0 cetyl alcohol 0.25-1.5 cetrimonium chloride0.25-1.0 glutamine 0.25-1.0 glycine 0.25-1.0 alanine 0.25-1.0 proline0.25-1.0 serine 0.25-1.0 threonine 0.25-1.0 arginine 0.25-1.0 lysine0.25-1.0 glutamic acid 0.25-1.0 silk amino acids 0.25-2.0 Mauritiaflexuosa (buriti) Fruit oil 0.25-2.0 Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil0.25-2.0

In order to apply the hair straightening formulation, the hair isthoroughly washed with a clarifying shampoo and towel-dried. Theformulation is then applied to the damp hair, combed or brushed into thehair, and left to process for 20-30 min. The hair is then blow-driedthoroughly and then flat-ironed at 220° C.

Alternatively, the shampooed hair is dried fully with a hair drier. Theformulation is then applied to the dry hair, combed or brushed into thehair, and left to process for 20-30 min. At that point, the hair can berinsed out with water, dried thoroughly with a blow drier and thenflat-ironed at 220° C. The processed hair can also be blow-driedthoroughly and then flat-ironed at 220° C., without the rinsing step.

The various methods and techniques described above provide a number ofways to carry out the application. Of course, it is to be understoodthat not necessarily all objectives or advantages described can beachieved in accordance with any particular embodiment described herein.Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that themethods can be performed in a manner that achieves or optimizes oneadvantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarilyachieving other objectives or advantages as taught or suggested herein.A variety of alternatives are mentioned herein. It is to be understoodthat some preferred embodiments specifically include one, another, orseveral features, while others specifically exclude one, another, orseveral features, while still others mitigate a particular feature byinclusion of one, another, or several advantageous features.

Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize the applicability ofvarious features from different embodiments. Similarly, the variouselements, features and steps discussed above, as well as other knownequivalents for each such element, feature or step, can be employed invarious combinations by one of ordinary skill in this art to performmethods in accordance with the principles described herein. Among thevarious elements, features, and steps some will be specifically includedand others specifically excluded in diverse embodiments.

Although the application has been disclosed in the context of certainembodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in theart that the embodiments of the application extend beyond thespecifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodimentsand/or uses and modifications and equivalents thereof.

In some embodiments, the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similarreferences used in the context of describing a particular embodiment ofthe application (especially in the context of certain of the followingclaims) can be construed to cover both the singular and the plural. Therecitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, eachindividual value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (for example, “such as”) provided withrespect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to betterilluminate the application and does not pose a limitation on the scopeof the application otherwise claimed. No language in the specificationshould be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential tothe practice of the application.

Preferred embodiments of this application are described herein,including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out theapplication. Variations on those preferred embodiments will becomeapparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading theforegoing description. It is contemplated that skilled artisans canemploy such variations as appropriate, and the application can bepracticed otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly,many embodiments of this application include all modifications andequivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended heretoas permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of theabove-described elements in all possible variations thereof isencompassed by the application unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context.

All patents, patent applications, publications of patent applications,and other material, such as articles, books, specifications,publications, documents, things, and/or the like, referenced herein arehereby incorporated herein by this reference in their entirety for allpurposes, excepting any prosecution file history associated with same,any of same that is inconsistent with or in conflict with the presentdocument, or any of same that may have a limiting affect as to thebroadest scope of the claims now or later associated with the presentdocument. By way of example, should there be any inconsistency orconflict between the description, definition, and/or the use of a termassociated with any of the incorporated material and that associatedwith the present document, the description, definition, and/or the useof the term in the present document shall prevail.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of theapplication disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of theembodiments of the application. Other modifications that can be employedcan be within the scope of the application. Thus, by way of example, butnot of limitation, alternative configurations of the embodiments of theapplication can be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein.Accordingly, embodiments of the present application are not limited tothat precisely as shown and described.

REFERENCES

-   1. Resnick, L.; Grams, I.; Goodfellow, A.; Allice, D. Hair    Straightening Formulations, Methods, and Systems. US 2009/0165812    A1, Sep. 8, 2008.-   2. Sycd, A. N.; Askar, N. A.; Milczarck, P. Keratin-protective Curl    Minimizer Compositions, Method, and Kit Therefor. WO 2007/032762 A1,    Sep. 12, 2005.-   3. Whewell, C. S., The Chemistry of Hair. J. Soc. Cosmetic Chem.    1964, 15, 423-436.-   4. Robbins, C. R., Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair 3rd    ed.: Springer-Verlag: 1994.-   5. Cook; Smith, Appl. Polym. Symp. 1971, 18 (50), 663.-   6. Parreira, H. C., On the Isoelectric Point of Human Hair. J.    Colloid Interface Sci. 1980, 75 (1), 212-217.-   7. Miyata, T.; Noishiki, Y. Medical Material. U.S. Pat. No.    4,695,281, Mar. 25, 1983.-   8. Imamura, E.; Noishiki, Y.; Koyanagi, H.; Miyata, T.; Furuse, M.    Bioprosthetic Valve. U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,670, Aug. 30, 1988-   9. Harmalker, S.; Ash, K. Moisturizing Compositions. US    2007/0048235, Aug. 24, 2006.-   10. King, K.; Chatterji, J. Foamed Acidizing Fluids, Additives and    Methods of Acidizing Subterranean Zones U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,505,    Apr. 29, 2003-   11. Kelly, R. J.; Worth, G. H.; Roddick-Ianzilotta. A. D.;    Rankin. D. A.; Ellis, G. D.; Mesman, P. J. R.; Summers. C. G.;    Singleton, D. J. Production of Soluble Keratin Derivatives. U.S.    Pat. No. 7,148,327, Jul. 17, 2002.-   12. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. 9th    ed.; Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association: Washington D.C.,    2002; Vol. 1-3.-   13. 2001 McCutcheon's Directories. McCutcheon's Division, The    Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.: Glen Rock, N.J., 2001;    Vol. 1-2.-   14. DiBerardino. L., CBR Cosmetic Bench Reference—Directory of    Cosmetic Ingredients 2005. Cosmetics and Toiletries, Allured    Publishing Corporation: Carol Stream. Ill., 2005.

1.-29. (canceled)
 30. A method of treating hair, comprising: applying toa quantity of hair a composition comprising: at least one of maleicacid, an ester of maleic acid, a maleimide, an N-substituted derivativeof maleimide, maleamic acid, an N-substituted derivative of maleamicacid, maleic anhydride, or a combination thereof, provided in an amountof about 1.0 wt. % to about 25.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of thecomposition; and a preservative provided in an amount of about 0.05 wt.% to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, wherein thecomposition has a pH of from 3.0 to 4.5.
 31. The method of claim 30,wherein the preservative comprises a glycerin containing compound or aplant-derived compound.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein thepreservative comprises glycerin, ethylhexylglycerin, phenoxyethanol, ora combination thereof.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein thepreservative comprises grapefruit seed extract, radish root fermentfiltrate, Aloe barbadensis leaf ferment filtrate, Sorbus aucuparia fruitferment filtrate, Ribes nigrum fruit extract, Sambucus nigra fruitextract, japonica root extract, Zingiber officinale root extract, Alliumsativum bulb extract, Origanum vulgare leaf extract, Thymus vulgarisleaf extract, Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract, or a combinationthereof.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the composition comprisesat least one of maleic acid, an ester of maleic acid, maleic anhydride,or a combination thereof, and the preservative comprises phenoxyethanolor a plant-derived compound.
 35. The method of claim 30, wherein thecomposition comprises maleic acid and the preservative comprisesphenoxyethanol.
 36. The method of claim 30, wherein the compositionfurther comprises a reducing agent comprising an amine.
 37. The methodof claim 36, wherein the amine comprises an amino acid.
 38. The methodof claim 37, wherein the amino acid is lysine.
 39. The method of claim30, wherein the method does not impart any visibly undesirablecoloration on the hair.
 40. The method of claim 30, wherein the quantityof hair is substantially dry when the keratin-protectant composition isapplied.
 41. The method of claim 30, wherein the quantity of hair is wetwhen the composition is applied.
 42. The method of claim 30, furthercomprising applying heat to the quantity of hair while the compositionis applied to the hair.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein applyingheat comprises heating the quantity of hair with a blow dryer.
 44. Themethod of claim 42, wherein applying heat comprises heating the quantityof hair with a flattening iron.
 45. A keratin-protectant compositioncomprising at least one of a maleic acid, an ester of maleic acid, amaleimide, an N-substituted derivative of a maleimide, a maleamic acid,an N-substituted derivative of maleamic acid, a maleic anhydride, or acombination thereof, provided in an amount of about 1.0 wt. % to about25.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition; and apreservative comprising a glycerin containing compound or aplant-derived compound, provided in an amount of about 0.05 wt. % to 15wt. % based on the total weight of the composition, wherein thecomposition has a pH of from 3.0 to 4.5.
 46. The composition of claim45, wherein the preservative comprises glycerin, ethylhexylglycerin,phenoxyethanol, or a combination thereof.
 47. The composition of claim45, wherein the preservative comprises grapefruit seed extract, radishroot ferment filtrate, Aloe barbadensis leaf ferment filtrate, Sorbusaucuparia fruit ferment filtrate, Ribes nigrum fruit extract, Sambucusnigra fruit extract, japonica root extract, Zingiber officinale rootextract, Allium sativum bulb extract, Origanum vulgare leaf extract,Thymus vulgaris leaf extract, Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract, or acombination thereof.
 48. The composition of claim 45, comprising atleast one of maleic acid, an ester of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, ora combination thereof, and the preservative comprises phenoxyethanol ora plant-based preservative.
 49. The composition of claim 45, comprisingmaleic acid and the preservative comprises phenoxyethanol.
 50. Thecomposition of claim 45, wherein the composition further comprises areducing agent comprising an amine.
 51. The composition of claim 50,wherein the amine comprises an amino acid.
 52. The composition of claim51, wherein the amino acid is lysine.
 53. The composition of claim 45,further comprising an organic acid selected from the group consisting oftartaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, malonic acid,oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, picolinic acid, dipicolinic acid, citricacid, and a combination thereof.
 54. The composition of claim 53,wherein the organic acid is citric acid.
 55. The composition of claim45, further comprising an emollient selected from the group consistingof sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, caprylyl glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,3-butane diol, hexyleneglycol, isoprene glycol, xylitol, and a combination thereof.
 56. Thecomposition of claim 55, wherein the emollient is propylene glycol. 57.The composition of claim 45, further comprising a surfactant, a keratinprotein fraction, a botanical, and emulsifier, a skin-cleaning agent, afragrance, a pre-conditioner, a thermal protectant, an aqueous-baseddiluent, or a combination thereof.
 58. A method for straightening aquantity of hair, comprising: applying to the quantity of hair acomposition having a pH of from 3.0 to 4.5, the composition comprising:ascorbic acid or a salt thereof; an inorganic acid or a salt thereofhaving a general formulaX_(2−(n+m))SO₃H_(n)(NH₂)_(m),  wherein n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, and Xis a monovalent cation; one or more crosslinking agents; and optionally,a preservative; and heating the quantity of hair to a temperaturebetween about 150° C. and 235° C. while the keratin-protectantcomposition is applied to the hair.
 59. A composition for straighteninga quantity of hair, comprising: ascorbic acid or a salt thereof; aninorganic acid or a salt thereof having a general formulaX_(2−(n+m))SO₃H_(n)(NH₂)_(m),  wherein n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, and Xis a monovalent cation; one or more crosslinking agents; and optionally,a preservative, wherein the composition has a pH of from 3.0 to 4.5.